Al-Suyuti

السيوطي

Abu al-Fadl

Abu al-Fadl Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Khudayri al-Suyuti al-Shafiʿi (1 Rajab 849 AH / 3 October 1445 – 19 Jumada I 911 AH / 18 October 1505 CE) was a Cairene Shafiʿi jurist, hadith scholar, Qurʾan scholar, grammarian, historian and prolific author. Orphaned young after the death of his learned father, he studied with a broad network of teachers in Cairo and received early authorization to teach Arabic. Apart from his pilgrimage to Mecca in 869 AH / 1465 CE, his documented scholarly life remained in Egypt. He revived public hadith dictation sessions, taught hadith at the Shaykhuniyya and later held the leadership of the Baybarsiyya khanqah. His career also included sharp scholarly disputes, especially with al-Sakhawi, and al-Suyuti made far-reaching claims about his own attainment of ijtihad and renewal that should be understood as self-assessments rather than neutral consensus. After 906 AH / 1500 CE he withdrew more fully to Rawda Island and devoted himself to writing. His corpus is extraordinarily large but exact totals are disputed because titles, abridgments, lost works and alternate names are counted differently. Among his most influential works are al-Itqan in Qurʾanic sciences, al-Durr al-manthur in transmitted exegesis, his completion of Tafsir al-Jalalayn, Tadrib al-rawi in hadith methodology, al-Jamiʿ al-saghir and Jamʿ al-jawamiʿ in hadith compilation, al-Ashbah wa-l-nazaʾir in Shafiʿi law, al-Muzhir in Arabic linguistics, and Tarikh al-khulafaʾ in history.

1445 — 1505

Names and variants

Al-Suyuti· canonicalAl-Suyuti· canonicalالسيوطي· canonicalAbd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad· birth nameعبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر بن محمد· birth nameAbu al-Fadl· kunyaأبو الفضل· kunyaJalal al-Din· laqabجلال الدين· laqabal-Suyuti al-Khudayri· nisbaالسيوطي الخضيري· nisbaSüyûtî· variant

A prolific scholar of Mamluk Cairo

Al-Suyuti was a Shafiʿi jurist, hadith scholar, Qurʾan scholar, grammarian, historian and one of the most prolific authors of late Mamluk Egypt.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Name and nisbas

He was Abu al-Fadl Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Khudayri al-Suyuti al-Shafiʿi. The nisba al-Suyuti refers to his family’s association with Asyut, while al-Khudayri was linked to an earlier family connection with Baghdad’s Khudayriyya quarter.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Birth in Cairo

Al-Suyuti was born in Cairo on 1 Rajab 849 AH / 3 October 1445 CE.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

A learned father

His father, Kamal al-Din Abu Bakr, was a scholar, preacher and author who had studied with leading scholars in Cairo and served the Egyptian Abbasid caliph al-Mustakfi as a private imam.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Orphaned young

Al-Suyuti’s father died when he was about five years old, after entrusting him to scholarly colleagues and patrons.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Early memorization

His education began with the Qurʾan, followed by memorization of standard texts in hadith, Shafiʿi law, Arabic grammar and legal theory.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

A broad teacher network

Al-Suyuti studied with a wide network of teachers in Cairo, including specialists in hadith, jurisprudence, Arabic language and Qurʾanic sciences.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Al-Mahalli as teacher and patron

Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli was among the figures who supported al-Suyuti’s scholarly development and later became linked to him through Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

Al-Kafiyaji

Al-Suyuti studied with Muhyi al-Din al-Kafiyaji, from whom he benefited especially in Arabic, logic-related disciplines and scholarly method despite not sharing all of his teacher’s interests.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

Al-Shumunni

Al-Shumunni was another important teacher from whom al-Suyuti benefited in hadith, Arabic language and literature.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

Early authorization to teach Arabic

Al-Suyuti received authorization to teach Arabic while still a young scholar, reflecting the early strength of his linguistic formation.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

Hadith transmission and study

From the 860s AH onward, al-Suyuti combined the study of hadith transmission with a growing emphasis on analytical mastery of hadith sciences.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

A large recorded network of hadith teachers

In al-Munjam fi al-muʿjam, al-Suyuti listed 195 hadith teachers in three groups, illustrating the breadth of his scholarly contacts.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [3] teachers evidence

Pilgrimage in 869 AH

Al-Suyuti performed the pilgrimage in 869 AH / 1465 CE. This is the one journey outside Egypt that is securely documented in the principal biographical sources.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [2] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

A reported second pilgrimage

A later report places al-Suyuti on a second pilgrimage in 873 AH / 1469 CE, but the principal biographical evidence does not confirm it.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [2] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

A career centered in Egypt

Apart from the securely documented pilgrimage, al-Suyuti’s scholarly career remained centered in Egypt, especially Cairo.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [2] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Revival of hadith dictation sessions

Al-Suyuti restarted public hadith dictation sessions in 872 AH / 1467–1468 CE, presenting them as a revival of a tradition interrupted after Ibn Hajar.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Teaching at the Shaykhuniyya

In 877 AH / 1472 CE, al-Suyuti was appointed to teach hadith at the Shaykhuniyya.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Leadership at the Baybarsiyya

Al-Suyuti later became head of the Baybarsiyya khanqah in 891 AH / 1486 CE, a position that connected him to an important Cairene religious institution.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Scholarly disputes

Al-Suyuti’s career included repeated disputes with contemporaries over hadith, legal authority, scholarly status and the use of earlier works.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

The dispute with al-Sakhawi

His most famous dispute was with the hadith scholar and historian al-Sakhawi, who sharply criticized al-Suyuti’s learning and accused him of plagiarism. Al-Suyuti answered these charges in polemical works of his own.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

Plagiarism accusations as a contested matter

The plagiarism accusations belong to a partisan scholarly conflict and should not be treated as an uncontested description of al-Suyuti’s authorship.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

His claim to ijtihad

Al-Suyuti explicitly claimed that he had reached a high level of ijtihad while still identifying himself with the Shafiʿi school. This was his own assessment and was disputed by some contemporaries.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

His claim to renewal

Al-Suyuti also presented himself as a candidate for the mujaddid, or renewer, of the ninth Islamic century. This was a self-claim rather than an uncontested historical designation.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

Claim of memorizing 200,000 hadiths

Al-Suyuti stated that he had memorized 200,000 hadiths. The figure is best treated as his own claim about the extent of his hadith knowledge.

Sources: [1] controversy evidence, [2] controversy evidence, [4] controversy evidence, [5] controversy evidence

Shafiʿi legal identity

Despite his claims to ijtihad, al-Suyuti remained institutionally and methodologically associated with the Shafiʿi school and only rarely moved beyond its range of positions.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Gradual rather than early withdrawal

The common picture of al-Suyuti withdrawing from public life at age forty is too simple. Evidence shows that he continued teaching, issuing fatwas and holding office well after that age.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Fuller retreat after 906 AH

After 906 AH / 1500 CE, al-Suyuti withdrew more fully to Rawda Island and concentrated on writing during the final years of his life.

Sources: [1] career evidence, [2] career evidence, [6] career evidence

Death on Rawda Island

Al-Suyuti died on Rawda Island on 19 Jumada I 911 AH / 18 October 1505 CE.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

Burial near his father

He was buried near his father’s grave outside Bab al-Qarafa in Cairo.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence, [6] bio evidence

An exceptionally large corpus

Al-Suyuti produced an unusually large corpus across Qurʾanic sciences, hadith, law, Arabic language, history, biography, theology and devotional subjects.

Sources: [1] works evidence, [2] works evidence, [3] works evidence

Disputed totals for his works

Bibliographical counts of al-Suyuti’s works vary dramatically, from several hundred to more than a thousand, because lost works, alternate titles, excerpts, revisions and parts of larger works are counted differently.

Sources: [1] works evidence, [2] works evidence, [3] works evidence

Al-Itqan

Al-Itqan fi ʿulum al-Qurʾan is one of al-Suyuti’s most influential syntheses of Qurʾanic sciences, organizing a wide range of earlier discussions into an encyclopedic framework.

Sources: [1] quran evidence, [10] quran evidence, [15] quran evidence, [16] quran evidence

Al-Durr al-manthur

Al-Durr al-manthur is a transmitted tafsir that compiles exegetical reports from earlier hadith and tafsir sources with minimal extended authorial discussion.

Sources: [1] quran evidence, [10] quran evidence, [15] quran evidence, [16] quran evidence

Completion of Tafsir al-Jalalayn

Al-Suyuti completed the unfinished Qurʾan commentary of Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli. The combined work became known as Tafsir al-Jalalayn, the commentary of the two Jalals.

Sources: [1] quran evidence, [10] quran evidence, [15] quran evidence, [16] quran evidence

Forty-day completion

Al-Suyuti states that he began his completion of al-Mahalli’s tafsir on 1 Ramadan 870 AH / 17 April 1466 CE and finished it in about forty days.

Sources: [1] quran evidence, [10] quran evidence, [15] quran evidence, [16] quran evidence

Tadrib al-rawi

Tadrib al-rawi is a major commentary and expansion on al-Nawawi’s hadith methodology, reorganizing and enlarging the range of technical topics discussed.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Ninety-three hadith methodology categories

Where Ibn al-Salah and al-Nawawi had treated sixty-five categories, al-Suyuti expanded the classification in Tadrib al-rawi to ninety-three.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Al-Jamiʿ al-saghir

Al-Jamiʿ al-saghir arranges approximately ten thousand concise verbal hadiths alphabetically and uses abbreviations to indicate sources and evaluations.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Jamʿ al-jawamiʿ

Jamʿ al-jawamiʿ reflects al-Suyuti’s ambition to gather hadith material on a very large scale and became a foundation for later abridgments and rearrangements.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Hundreds of hadith sources

Modern analysis of his large hadith compilations shows that al-Suyuti drew on hundreds of authors and source works, reflecting an encyclopedic approach to hadith collection.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Weak hadith in virtues

Al-Suyuti accepted the established Sunni practice of using weak hadith under conditions in matters of virtues, while warning against the unrestricted use of fabricated reports.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Al-Ashbah wa-l-nazaʾir

Al-Ashbah wa-l-nazaʾir is an influential Shafiʿi work on legal maxims and related cases, organizing recurring principles across jurisprudence.

Sources: [1] law evidence, [2] law evidence, [9] law evidence

Al-Muzhir

Al-Muzhir fi ʿulum al-lugha wa-anwaʿiha is an encyclopedic work on Arabic linguistic sciences in which al-Suyuti consciously adapts classificatory techniques associated with hadith methodology.

Sources: [1] language evidence, [11] language evidence, [12] language evidence

Bughyat al-wuʿat

Bughyat al-wuʿat is a biographical dictionary of grammarians and language scholars and became an important source for the history of Arabic scholarship.

Sources: [1] language evidence, [11] language evidence, [12] language evidence

Tarikh al-khulafaʾ

Tarikh al-khulafaʾ presents a history of the caliphs and became one of al-Suyuti’s widely circulated historical works.

Sources: [1] history evidence, [3] history evidence, [8] history evidence

Al-Taḥadduth bi-niʿmat Allah

In al-Taḥadduth bi-niʿmat Allah, al-Suyuti records his education, teachers, works, scholarly ambitions and self-understanding, making it an indispensable but self-representational source for his biography.

Sources: [1] works evidence, [2] works evidence, [3] works evidence

Husn al-muhadara

Husn al-muhadara is a broad history of Egypt and Cairo that also preserves valuable autobiographical and intellectual information about al-Suyuti himself.

Sources: [1] works evidence, [2] works evidence, [3] works evidence

Sufism and criticism of excess

Al-Suyuti received Sufi affiliations and engaged positively with Sunni forms of Sufism while strongly criticizing doctrines and practices he believed violated scripture and Sunna.

Sources: [1] sufism evidence, [2] sufism evidence, [5] sufism evidence

Legacy in Qurʾanic sciences

Al-Itqan, al-Durr al-manthur and Tafsir al-Jalalayn ensured al-Suyuti a lasting place in the teaching and transmission of Qurʾanic sciences and tafsir.

Sources: [1] quran evidence, [10] quran evidence, [15] quran evidence, [16] quran evidence

Legacy in hadith scholarship

His compilations and methodological works became enduring reference points in later hadith scholarship, especially for classification, sourcing and large-scale collection.

Sources: [1] hadith evidence, [7] hadith evidence, [13] hadith evidence, [14] hadith evidence

Legacy in Arabic language studies

Al-Suyuti’s linguistic compilations preserved large amounts of earlier material and influenced later study of grammar, lexicography and the history of Arabic scholarship.

Sources: [1] language evidence, [11] language evidence, [12] language evidence

A model of encyclopedic authorship

Al-Suyuti’s extraordinary productivity made him a defining example of encyclopedic scholarly authorship in the late medieval Islamic world.

Sources: [1] works evidence, [2] works evidence, [3] works evidence

Source-sensitive points

established

Al-Suyuti was born in Cairo on 1 Rajab 849 AH / 3 October 1445 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for birth_exact, [2] Evidence for birth_exact, [5] Evidence for birth_exact, [6] Evidence for birth_exact

established

Al-Suyuti died on Rawda Island on 19 Jumada I 911 AH / 18 October 1505 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for death_exact, [2] Evidence for death_exact, [5] Evidence for death_exact, [6] Evidence for death_exact

established

Al-Suyuti’s father was a scholar, preacher and author who served the Egyptian Abbasid caliph al-Mustakfi as a private imam.

Sources: [1] Evidence for father_scholar, [2] Evidence for father_scholar, [3] Evidence for father_scholar

established

Al-Suyuti’s father died when he was about five years old.

Sources: [1] Evidence for orphaned_five, [2] Evidence for orphaned_five, [5] Evidence for orphaned_five

established

Al-Suyuti’s al-Munjam fi al-muʿjam lists 195 hadith teachers in three groups.

Sources: [1] Evidence for teachers_195, [2] Evidence for teachers_195, [3] Evidence for teachers_195

established

Al-Suyuti performed the pilgrimage in 869 AH / 1465 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hajj_869, [2] Evidence for hajj_869, [5] Evidence for hajj_869

uncertain

A report of a second pilgrimage in 873 AH / 1469 CE is not confirmed by the principal biographical sources.

Sources: [1] Evidence for second_hajj, [2] Evidence for second_hajj, [5] Evidence for second_hajj

established

Apart from the securely documented pilgrimage, al-Suyuti’s scholarly career remained centered in Egypt.

Sources: [1] Evidence for egypt_centered, [2] Evidence for egypt_centered, [5] Evidence for egypt_centered

established

Al-Suyuti restarted public hadith dictation sessions in 872 AH / 1467–1468 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for imla_872, [2] Evidence for imla_872, [6] Evidence for imla_872

established

Al-Suyuti was appointed to teach hadith at the Shaykhuniyya in 877 AH / 1472 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for shaykhuniyya_877, [2] Evidence for shaykhuniyya_877, [6] Evidence for shaykhuniyya_877

established

Al-Suyuti became head of the Baybarsiyya khanqah in 891 AH / 1486 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for baybarsiyya_891, [2] Evidence for baybarsiyya_891, [6] Evidence for baybarsiyya_891

established

Al-Suyuti and al-Sakhawi engaged in a documented scholarly conflict involving hadith authority, scholarly status and authorship.

Sources: [1] Evidence for sakhawi_conflict, [2] Evidence for sakhawi_conflict, [4] Evidence for sakhawi_conflict

disputed

Al-Sakhawi accused al-Suyuti of plagiarism, while al-Suyuti rejected the accusation and answered it in polemical works.

Sources: [1] Evidence for plagiarism_accusation, [2] Evidence for plagiarism_accusation, [4] Evidence for plagiarism_accusation, [5] Evidence for plagiarism_accusation

reported

Al-Suyuti claimed that he had reached a high level of ijtihad while remaining associated with the Shafiʿi school.

Sources: [1] Evidence for ijtihad_self_claim, [2] Evidence for ijtihad_self_claim, [4] Evidence for ijtihad_self_claim

reported

Al-Suyuti presented himself as a candidate for the mujaddid of the ninth Islamic century.

Sources: [1] Evidence for mujaddid_self_claim, [2] Evidence for mujaddid_self_claim, [5] Evidence for mujaddid_self_claim

reported

Al-Suyuti stated that he had memorized 200,000 hadiths.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hadith_200k_claim, [2] Evidence for hadith_200k_claim, [5] Evidence for hadith_200k_claim

established

Al-Suyuti remained a Shafiʿi jurist despite his claims to ijtihad.

Sources: [1] Evidence for shafii_identity, [2] Evidence for shafii_identity, [9] Evidence for shafii_identity

established

Al-Suyuti’s fuller withdrawal to Rawda Island dates from after 906 AH / 1500 CE rather than from age forty.

Sources: [1] Evidence for retreat_after_906, [2] Evidence for retreat_after_906, [6] Evidence for retreat_after_906

disputed

The total number of works attributed to al-Suyuti is disputed because catalogues count alternate titles, lost works, excerpts and parts differently.

Sources: [1] Evidence for works_total_disputed, [2] Evidence for works_total_disputed, [3] Evidence for works_total_disputed

established

Al-Itqan fi ʿulum al-Qurʾan is a major encyclopedic synthesis of Qurʾanic sciences.

Sources: [1] Evidence for itqan_major, [2] Evidence for itqan_major, [10] Evidence for itqan_major

established

Al-Durr al-manthur is a transmitted tafsir centered on reports from earlier sources.

Sources: [1] Evidence for durr_transmitted, [2] Evidence for durr_transmitted, [15] Evidence for durr_transmitted

established

Al-Suyuti completed the unfinished Qurʾan commentary of Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli, producing the work known as Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

Sources: [1] Evidence for jalalayn_completion, [2] Evidence for jalalayn_completion, [16] Evidence for jalalayn_completion

established

Al-Suyuti states that he completed his portion of Tafsir al-Jalalayn in about forty days after beginning on 1 Ramadan 870 AH / 17 April 1466 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for jalalayn_40_days, [2] Evidence for jalalayn_40_days, [16] Evidence for jalalayn_40_days

established

In Tadrib al-rawi, al-Suyuti expanded the standard classification of hadith methodology topics from sixty-five to ninety-three categories.

Sources: [1] Evidence for tadrib_93, [2] Evidence for tadrib_93, [14] Evidence for tadrib_93

established

Al-Jamiʿ al-saghir contains about 10,010 concise verbal hadiths arranged alphabetically with abbreviated source and grading indications.

Sources: [1] Evidence for jami_saghir_10010, [7] Evidence for jami_saghir_10010, [13] Evidence for jami_saghir_10010

established

Al-Suyuti’s major hadith compilations drew on hundreds of authors and source works.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hadith_hundreds_sources, [7] Evidence for hadith_hundreds_sources, [13] Evidence for hadith_hundreds_sources

established

Al-Suyuti permitted the conditioned use of weak hadith in matters of virtues while warning against fabricated reports.

Sources: [1] Evidence for weak_hadith_virtues, [7] Evidence for weak_hadith_virtues, [14] Evidence for weak_hadith_virtues

established

Al-Ashbah wa-l-nazaʾir is an influential Shafiʿi work on legal maxims and related cases.

Sources: [1] Evidence for ashbah_work, [2] Evidence for ashbah_work, [9] Evidence for ashbah_work

established

In al-Muzhir, al-Suyuti consciously adapted classificatory techniques associated with hadith methodology to Arabic linguistic sciences.

Sources: [1] Evidence for muzhir_hadith_method, [11] Evidence for muzhir_hadith_method, [12] Evidence for muzhir_hadith_method

established

Al-Suyuti received Sufi affiliations while criticizing doctrines and practices he considered incompatible with scripture and Sunna.

Sources: [1] Evidence for sufi_affiliations, [2] Evidence for sufi_affiliations, [5] Evidence for sufi_affiliations

Contributions

Qurʾanic sciences and tafsir

Al-Suyuti synthesized earlier Qurʾanic scholarship in works such as al-Itqan, al-Durr al-manthur and his completion of Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

scholarly · established

Hadith methodology and compilation

Through Tadrib al-rawi and large-scale compilations such as al-Jamiʿ al-saghir and Jamʿ al-jawamiʿ, al-Suyuti became a major transmitter and organizer of later hadith scholarship.

scholarly · established

Shafiʿi legal maxims

Al-Ashbah wa-l-nazaʾir gave later Shafiʿi scholarship an influential synthesis of legal maxims, recurring principles and analogous cases.

scholarly · established

Arabic linguistic sciences

Al-Muzhir and Bughyat al-wuʿat preserved and reorganized extensive earlier material on language, grammar, lexicography and the biographies of language scholars.

scholarly · established

Encyclopedic scholarly authorship

Al-Suyuti’s unusually large and cross-disciplinary corpus made him a defining example of encyclopedic scholarly production in the late medieval Islamic world.

scholarly · established

Sources

[1]
SÜYÛTÎ
Halit Özkan et al. · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · 2010
[2]
al-Taḥadduth bi-niʿmat Allāh
al-Suyuti · Autobiographical source
[3]
Ḥusn al-muḥāḍara fī tārīkh Miṣr wa-l-Qāhira
al-Suyuti · Primary historical and autobiographical source
[4]
al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʿ li-ahl al-qarn al-tāsiʿ
al-Sakhawi · Contemporary biographical source
[5]
Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab
Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali · Classical biographical source
[6]
al-Kawākib al-sāʾira bi-aʿyān al-miʾa al-ʿāshira
Najm al-Din al-Ghazzi · Classical biographical source
[7]
Jamʿ al-jawāmiʿ
al-Suyuti · Primary hadith compilation
[8]
Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ
al-Suyuti · Primary historical work
[9]
al-Ashbāh wa-l-naẓāʾir
al-Suyuti · Primary Shafiʿi legal maxims work
[10]
al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān
al-Suyuti · Primary Quran sciences work
[11]
al-Muzhir fī ʿulūm al-lugha wa-anwāʿihā
al-Suyuti · Primary Arabic language sciences work
[12]
Bughyat al-wuʿāt fī ṭabaqāt al-lughawiyyīn wa-l-nuḥāt
al-Suyuti · Primary biographical work on language scholars
[13]
al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr
al-Suyuti · Primary hadith compilation
[14]
Tadrīb al-rāwī fī sharḥ Taqrīb al-Nawāwī
al-Suyuti · Primary hadith methodology work
[15]
al-Durr al-manthūr fī al-tafsīr bi-l-maʾthūr
al-Suyuti · Primary transmitted tafsir work
[16]
Tafsīr al-Jalālayn
Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli and al-Suyuti · Primary Quran commentary

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