Islam Academy

Al-Bayhaqi

البيهقي

Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Bayhaqi (Shaʿban 384 AH / September 994 CE – 10 Jumada I 458 AH / 9 April 1066 CE) was a leading hadith scholar and Shafiʿi jurist from Khusrawjird in the Bayhaq district near Nishapur. He began studying hadith in adolescence, travelled through major scholarly centers including Isfarayin, Tus, Hamadan, Isfahan, Rayy, Nishapur, Baghdad, Kufa and Mecca, and benefited especially from al-Hakim al-Nishapuri in hadith and Abu al-Fath Nasir al-Marwazi in Shafiʿi law. His writings combine hadith transmission, hadith criticism, jurisprudence and theology. Al-Sunan al-kubra is a large legal hadith collection arranged by fiqh chapters; Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar supports Shafiʿi legal doctrine through hadith and reports from early authorities; Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa gathers evidence for prophecy; Shuʿab al-iman organizes religious virtues and practices around the branches of faith; and al-Asma wa-l-sifat treats the divine names and attributes. Later Shafiʿi scholars credited his writings with greatly strengthening and spreading the school. He also wrote extensively on Ashʿari-Sunni theology and, during the anti-Ashʿari persecution associated with the vizier al-Kunduri, left his homeland for Mecca. He died in Nishapur and was carried back to Khusrawjird for burial.

994 — 1066

Names and variants

Al-Bayhaqi· canonicalAl-Bayhaqi· canonicalالبيهقي· canonicalAhmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali· birth nameأحمد بن الحسين بن علي· birth nameAbu Bakr· kunyaأبو بكر· kunyaal-Bayhaqi· nisbaالبيهقي· nisbaal-Khusrawjirdi· nisbaالخسروجردي· nisbaBeyhakī· variant

A hadith master and Shafiʿi jurist

Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Bayhaqi was a major eleventh-century hadith scholar and Shafiʿi jurist whose writings brought together transmission, criticism, jurisprudence and theology on an exceptional scale.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Name and nisbas

He is known as Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Bayhaqi. The nisba al-Bayhaqi links him to the district of Bayhaq near Nishapur, while al-Khusrawjirdi refers specifically to his native village.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Birth in Khusrawjird

Al-Bayhaqi was born in Shaʿban 384 AH / September 994 CE in Khusrawjird, a village in the Bayhaq district connected to Nishapur.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Early education in Bayhaq

He grew up in Bayhaq and received his first education there before beginning wider scholarly travel.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Hadith study from adolescence

The TDV biography reports that al-Bayhaqi began reading hadith at about fifteen years of age and later added formal study of jurisprudence.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Abu al-Fath Nasir al-Marwazi

His principal teacher in Shafiʿi jurisprudence was Abu al-Fath Nasir ibn Muhammad al-Marwazi.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [5] teachers evidence

Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri

Among his hadith teachers, al-Hakim al-Nishapuri was especially important. Al-Bayhaqi learned major aspects of hadith scholarship from him and benefited from him more than from any other teacher in this field.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [5] teachers evidence

Ibn Furak

Al-Bayhaqi attended the lessons of Ibn Furak, from whom he deepened his engagement with theology in addition to other disciplines.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [5] teachers evidence

Other major teachers

His teachers also included al-Khargushi, Ibn Mahamish, Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, Abu Hazim al-Abduyi, Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini, Abu Dharr al-Harawi and Abu Bakr al-Barqani.

Sources: [1] teachers evidence, [2] teachers evidence, [5] teachers evidence

Extensive scholarly travel

Al-Bayhaqi travelled widely to study with different teachers and collect hadith through direct transmission.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Isfarayin, Tus, Hamadan, Isfahan and Rayy

His journeys included Isfarayin, Tus, Hamadan, Isfahan and Rayy, linking him to several major scholarly centers of Iran and Khurasan.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Nishapur

Nishapur was one of the central cities of al-Bayhaqi’s scholarly life, both as a place of study and later as a place where he taught and died.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Baghdad and Kufa

His study journeys also took him to Baghdad and Kufa, where he entered Iraqi hadith networks and heard from further transmitters.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Mecca

Al-Bayhaqi travelled to Mecca during his scholarly journeys and later returned there under very different political circumstances during the anti-Ashʿari persecution.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Writing from 406 AH onward

The TDV biography reports that al-Bayhaqi began composing works from 406 AH / 1015–1016 CE onward.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Authority in hadith

His command of hadith and strong memory earned broad recognition among later biographers and specialists.

Sources: [1] bio evidence, [2] bio evidence, [4] bio evidence, [5] bio evidence

Hidden defects in hadith

Al-Bayhaqi became known for identifying subtle defects in transmitted reports, one of the technically demanding areas of hadith criticism.

Sources: [1] criticism evidence, [2] criticism evidence, [4] criticism evidence, [5] criticism evidence

Reconciling apparently conflicting reports

He was also recognized for reconciling reports that appeared to conflict and for drawing legal understanding from hadith.

Sources: [1] criticism evidence, [2] criticism evidence, [4] criticism evidence, [5] criticism evidence

Fiqh and legal theory

Al-Bayhaqi was regarded as an authority not only in hadith but also in Shafiʿi jurisprudence and legal theory.

Sources: [1] criticism evidence, [2] criticism evidence, [4] criticism evidence, [5] criticism evidence

Commitment to the Shafiʿi school

He explicitly defended Shafiʿi legal doctrine and devoted major works to demonstrating its grounding in transmitted evidence.

Sources: [1] shafii evidence, [2] shafii evidence, [3] shafii evidence, [5] shafii evidence

Al-Juwayni’s praise

A famous later report attributes to Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni the statement that every Shafiʿi owes a debt to al-Shafiʿi except al-Bayhaqi, whose writings defending the school made al-Shafiʿi himself indebted to him.

Sources: [1] shafii evidence, [2] shafii evidence, [3] shafii evidence, [5] shafii evidence

Strengthening the Shafiʿi school

Later Shafiʿi biographers credited al-Bayhaqi’s works with helping the school spread more widely and establish itself more firmly.

Sources: [1] shafii evidence, [2] shafii evidence, [3] shafii evidence, [5] shafii evidence

Capacity for independent legal reasoning

Al-Dhahabi judged that al-Bayhaqi’s breadth of knowledge and mastery of scholarly disagreement were sufficient for him to have founded an independent legal school had he wished to do so. This is a later scholarly evaluation, not evidence that he actually created one.

Sources: [1] shafii evidence, [2] shafii evidence, [3] shafii evidence, [5] shafii evidence

Ashʿari theological learning

His theological formation included study with Ibn Furak and other scholars associated with Ashʿari kalam, while his own works repeatedly combine transmitted evidence with rational argument.

Sources: [5] theology evidence, [8] theology evidence, [13] theology evidence, [14] theology evidence

Textual and rational argument

In theology al-Bayhaqi used Qurʾan, hadith and early reports while also employing rational inference, producing a Sunni-Ashʿari synthesis characteristic of several of his doctrinal works.

Sources: [5] theology evidence, [8] theology evidence, [13] theology evidence, [14] theology evidence

The anti-Ashʿari persecution

Under the Seljuk vizier al-Kunduri, a campaign against Ashʿari scholars affected figures including al-Bayhaqi, al-Qushayri and al-Juwayni.

Sources: [2] persecution evidence, [5] persecution evidence, [14] persecution evidence

Refuge in Mecca

Because of this anti-Ashʿari pressure, al-Bayhaqi left his homeland and took refuge in Mecca.

Sources: [2] persecution evidence, [5] persecution evidence, [14] persecution evidence

Teaching in Nishapur

In 441 AH / 1049–1050 CE scholars of Nishapur invited al-Bayhaqi to teach his books, especially Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar. He later returned to the city on further occasions.

Sources: [1] travel evidence, [4] travel evidence, [5] travel evidence

Writing with isnads

Al-Bayhaqi composed his works in the method of hadith scholars, normally citing the chains of transmission for the reports he included.

Sources: [1] method evidence, [2] method evidence, [5] method evidence

Avoiding reports known to be fabricated

The TDV biography states that he adopted the principle of not including a report he knew to be fabricated.

Sources: [1] method evidence, [2] method evidence, [5] method evidence

Al-Sunan al-kubra

Al-Sunan al-kubra, also called al-Sunan al-kabir, is al-Bayhaqi’s major topical hadith collection for legal evidence. It includes prophetic reports together with statements from Companions and Successors, variant transmission routes and hadith-critical discussion.

Sources: [5] sunan evidence, [6] sunan evidence, [9] sunan evidence

Legal arrangement of al-Sunan al-kubra

The work is arranged by chapters of jurisprudence, with Shafiʿi legal concerns strongly shaping its structure. The TDV entry notes that al-Muzani’s Mukhtasar served as a model for its ordering.

Sources: [5] sunan evidence, [6] sunan evidence, [9] sunan evidence

Purpose of al-Sunan al-kubra

One purpose of the collection was to gather legal hadith and early reports under relevant fiqh chapters and to demonstrate the scriptural and transmitted foundations of Shafiʿi law.

Sources: [5] sunan evidence, [6] sunan evidence, [9] sunan evidence

Approximately 22,000 reports

Modern cataloguing of al-Sunan al-kubra commonly gives approximately 22,000 report units. The exact figure depends on numbering conventions and includes more than only distinct prophetic hadiths.

Sources: [5] sunan evidence, [6] sunan evidence, [9] sunan evidence

Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar

Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar assembles hadith and statements of Companions and Successors used in Shafiʿi jurisprudence and argues for the reliability and legal force of that evidence.

Sources: [2] marifat evidence, [5] marifat evidence, [10] marifat evidence

Debate with al-Tahawi’s arguments

In Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar, al-Bayhaqi also responded critically to arguments attributed to the Hanafi scholar al-Tahawi against Shafiʿi positions.

Sources: [2] marifat evidence, [5] marifat evidence, [10] marifat evidence

Al-Sunan al-sughra

Al-Bayhaqi also compiled a shorter Sunan, transmitted independently from the much larger al-Sunan al-kubra.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa

Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa collects reports intended to demonstrate the prophethood of Muhammad, including signs, miracles and biographical material.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence, [11] dalail evidence

Shuʿab al-iman

Shuʿab al-iman develops the hadith describing faith as having numerous branches and organizes scriptural and transmitted material around religious beliefs, virtues and practices.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence, [7] shuab evidence, [12] shuab evidence

Al-Asma wa-l-sifat

Al-Asma wa-l-sifat is devoted to the divine names and attributes and is one of al-Bayhaqi’s central theological hadith works.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence, [8] asma evidence, [13] asma evidence

Al-Iʿtiqad

Al-Iʿtiqad presents a broad Sunni doctrinal synthesis covering divine attributes, decree, prophecy, the afterlife, adherence to the Sunnah and major questions concerning the early Muslim community.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Ethics and asceticism

Works such as al-Adab and al-Zuhd al-kabir show that al-Bayhaqi’s writing extended beyond law and formal doctrine to ethics, character and ascetic practice.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Manāqib al-Shāfiʿī

In Manāqib al-Shāfiʿī, al-Bayhaqi assembled a major biographical and scholarly defense of Imam al-Shafiʿi, his knowledge, virtues, family and leading students.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [3] manaqib evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Al-Khilafiyyat

Al-Khilafiyyat compares disputed legal questions between Shafiʿi and Hanafi positions and reflects al-Bayhaqi’s combined command of hadith and jurisprudence.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Ahkam al-Qurʾan

Ahkam al-Qurʾan gathers al-Shafiʿi’s interpretations and legal reasoning concerning Qurʾanic verses of law.

Sources: [1] otherhadith evidence, [2] otherhadith evidence, [5] otherhadith evidence

Death in Nishapur

Al-Bayhaqi died in Nishapur on 10 Jumada I 458 AH / 9 April 1066 CE.

Sources: [1] death evidence, [2] death evidence, [4] death evidence, [5] death evidence

Burial in Khusrawjird

His body was taken from Nishapur back to Bayhaq and buried in his native Khusrawjird.

Sources: [1] death evidence, [2] death evidence, [4] death evidence, [5] death evidence

Ascetic character

Biographical accounts portray al-Bayhaqi as an ascetic scholar who placed little value on material wealth, endured hardship in study and later life, and was known for fairness toward opponents in scholarly debate.

Sources: [1] character evidence, [2] character evidence, [5] character evidence

The report of thirty years of fasting

A later biographical report says that al-Bayhaqi fasted continuously for thirty years. This is a devotional report transmitted by biographers rather than an independently verifiable chronology.

Sources: [1] character evidence, [2] character evidence, [5] character evidence

The report about books he could not afford

The TDV biography reports that financial hardship prevented al-Bayhaqi from possessing copies of the Sunan collections of al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasaʾi and Ibn Majah. The report illustrates the material constraints of medieval scholarship but should be read as a biographical notice rather than a complete inventory of his access to those works.

Sources: [1] character evidence, [2] character evidence, [5] character evidence

Legacy in hadith scholarship

Al-Bayhaqi’s large-scale compilations preserve extensive hadith evidence together with variants, early reports and critical discussion, making his works enduring reference points for later hadith scholarship.

Sources: [1] legacy evidence, [2] legacy evidence, [5] legacy evidence

Legacy in Shafiʿi jurisprudence

His writings became especially important for documenting the hadith foundations of Shafiʿi jurisprudence and for transmitting and defending the school’s legal tradition.

Sources: [1] legacy evidence, [2] legacy evidence, [5] legacy evidence

Legacy in Sunni theology

Through works such as al-Asma wa-l-sifat, al-Iʿtiqad and Shuʿab al-iman, al-Bayhaqi also became a major reference for a hadith-centered Ashʿari-Sunni theological tradition.

Sources: [1] legacy evidence, [2] legacy evidence, [5] legacy evidence

Source-sensitive points

established

Al-Bayhaqi was born in Khusrawjird in Shaʿban 384 AH / September 994 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for birth_384, [2] Evidence for birth_384, [4] Evidence for birth_384, [5] Evidence for birth_384

established

Al-Bayhaqi died in Nishapur on 10 Jumada I 458 AH / 9 April 1066 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for death_458, [2] Evidence for death_458, [4] Evidence for death_458, [5] Evidence for death_458

established

His body was taken back to Khusrawjird in Bayhaq for burial.

Sources: [1] Evidence for burial_khusrawjird, [2] Evidence for burial_khusrawjird, [5] Evidence for burial_khusrawjird

reported

The TDV biography reports that al-Bayhaqi began formal hadith study at about fifteen years of age.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hadith_at_fifteen, [2] Evidence for hadith_at_fifteen, [5] Evidence for hadith_at_fifteen

established

His scholarly travels included Isfarayin, Tus, Hamadan, Isfahan, Rayy, Nishapur, Baghdad, Kufa and Mecca.

Sources: [1] Evidence for travel_network, [4] Evidence for travel_network, [5] Evidence for travel_network

established

Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri was al-Bayhaqi’s most important teacher in hadith.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hakim_teacher, [2] Evidence for hakim_teacher, [5] Evidence for hakim_teacher

established

Abu al-Fath Nasir ibn Muhammad al-Marwazi was al-Bayhaqi’s principal teacher in Shafiʿi jurisprudence.

Sources: [1] Evidence for nasir_fiqh_teacher, [2] Evidence for nasir_fiqh_teacher, [5] Evidence for nasir_fiqh_teacher

established

Al-Bayhaqi studied with Ibn Furak and developed a substantial engagement with Ashʿari theology.

Sources: [5] Evidence for ibn_furak_theology, [8] Evidence for ibn_furak_theology, [14] Evidence for ibn_furak_theology

reported

The TDV biography dates the beginning of al-Bayhaqi’s writing activity to 406 AH / 1015–1016 CE.

Sources: [1] Evidence for writing_406, [2] Evidence for writing_406, [5] Evidence for writing_406

established

Al-Bayhaqi was recognized for detecting hidden defects, reconciling apparently conflicting reports and understanding the legal implications of hadith.

Sources: [1] Evidence for hadith_critic, [4] Evidence for hadith_critic, [5] Evidence for hadith_critic

established

Al-Bayhaqi was a major authority in Shafiʿi jurisprudence and legal theory as well as hadith.

Sources: [1] Evidence for shafii_authority, [2] Evidence for shafii_authority, [5] Evidence for shafii_authority

reported

Later sources attribute to al-Juwayni a famous statement crediting al-Bayhaqi’s writings with an exceptional service to al-Shafiʿi’s school.

Sources: [1] Evidence for juwayni_praise, [2] Evidence for juwayni_praise, [5] Evidence for juwayni_praise

reported

Al-Dhahabi judged that al-Bayhaqi had the scholarly capacity for independent ijtihad and could have founded a legal school had he chosen to do so.

Sources: [1] Evidence for dhahabi_ijtihad, [2] Evidence for dhahabi_ijtihad, [5] Evidence for dhahabi_ijtihad

established

Al-Bayhaqi’s theological works combine transmitted evidence with rational argument in an Ashʿari-Sunni framework.

Sources: [5] Evidence for ashari_method, [8] Evidence for ashari_method, [13] Evidence for ashari_method, [14] Evidence for ashari_method

established

Al-Bayhaqi was affected by the anti-Ashʿari campaign associated with the Seljuk vizier al-Kunduri.

Sources: [2] Evidence for kunduri_persecution, [5] Evidence for kunduri_persecution, [14] Evidence for kunduri_persecution

established

During the anti-Ashʿari persecution, al-Bayhaqi left his homeland and took refuge in Mecca.

Sources: [2] Evidence for mecca_refuge, [5] Evidence for mecca_refuge, [14] Evidence for mecca_refuge

reported

In 441 AH / 1049–1050 CE, scholars of Nishapur reportedly invited al-Bayhaqi to teach his works, especially Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar.

Sources: [1] Evidence for nishapur_441, [2] Evidence for nishapur_441, [5] Evidence for nishapur_441

established

Al-Bayhaqi generally cited isnads for reports in the manner of hadith scholars.

Sources: [5] Evidence for isnad_method, [9] Evidence for isnad_method, [10] Evidence for isnad_method

reported

The TDV biography reports that al-Bayhaqi followed a principle of not including a report he knew to be fabricated.

Sources: [1] Evidence for avoid_known_fabrication, [2] Evidence for avoid_known_fabrication, [5] Evidence for avoid_known_fabrication

established

Al-Sunan al-kubra is organized by legal chapters and includes prophetic reports, Companion and Successor material, variant routes and hadith-critical discussion.

Sources: [5] Evidence for sunan_legal_structure, [6] Evidence for sunan_legal_structure, [9] Evidence for sunan_legal_structure

established

The TDV entry states that al-Muzani’s Mukhtasar served as a model for the legal ordering of al-Sunan al-kubra.

Sources: [5] Evidence for sunan_muzani, [6] Evidence for sunan_muzani, [9] Evidence for sunan_muzani

reported

Modern cataloguing commonly gives approximately 22,000 report units for al-Sunan al-kubra, depending on numbering conventions.

Sources: [5] Evidence for sunan_22000, [6] Evidence for sunan_22000, [9] Evidence for sunan_22000

established

Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-athar assembles transmitted evidence supporting Shafiʿi jurisprudence and discusses competing legal arguments.

Sources: [2] Evidence for marifat_shafii, [5] Evidence for marifat_shafii, [10] Evidence for marifat_shafii

established

Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa is al-Bayhaqi’s major collection of reports concerning signs and proofs of Muhammad’s prophethood.

Sources: [2] Evidence for dalail_work, [5] Evidence for dalail_work, [11] Evidence for dalail_work

established

Shuʿab al-iman organizes religious beliefs, virtues and practices around the hadith of the branches of faith.

Sources: [5] Evidence for shuab_work, [7] Evidence for shuab_work, [12] Evidence for shuab_work

established

Al-Asma wa-l-sifat treats the divine names and attributes through transmitted and theological evidence.

Sources: [5] Evidence for asma_work, [8] Evidence for asma_work, [13] Evidence for asma_work

reported

Later biographical sources report that al-Bayhaqi fasted continuously for thirty years.

Sources: [1] Evidence for thirty_year_fast, [2] Evidence for thirty_year_fast, [5] Evidence for thirty_year_fast

reported

The TDV biography reports that financial hardship prevented al-Bayhaqi from possessing copies of the Sunan collections of al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasaʾi and Ibn Majah.

Sources: [1] Evidence for poverty_books, [2] Evidence for poverty_books, [5] Evidence for poverty_books

Contributions

Large-scale hadith preservation

Through works such as al-Sunan al-kubra, al-Bayhaqi preserved extensive hadith, Companion and Successor material together with variant routes and critical discussion.

scholarly · established

Hadith criticism and legal interpretation

Al-Bayhaqi combined hadith criticism with legal reasoning, especially in identifying defects, reconciling reports and organizing evidence for jurisprudence.

scholarly · established

Strengthening the Shafiʿi legal tradition

His writings documented and defended the transmitted foundations of Shafiʿi jurisprudence and became major resources for later scholars of the school.

scholarly · established

Hadith-centered Sunni theology

Works including al-Asma wa-l-sifat, al-Iʿtiqad and Shuʿab al-iman made al-Bayhaqi a major transmitter and interpreter of an Ashʿari-Sunni theological tradition grounded heavily in scriptural reports.

scholarly · established

A wide scholarly corpus

Al-Bayhaqi’s surviving and reported works range across hadith, fiqh, legal theory, prophetic biography, doctrine, ethics and asceticism, giving his corpus unusual breadth.

scholarly · established

Sources

  1. [1]
    Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ

    al-Dhahabī · Classical biographical source

  2. [2]
    Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-kubrā

    Taj al-Din al-Subki · Classical Shafiʿi biographical source

  3. [3]
    Manāqib al-Shāfiʿī

    al-Bayhaqi · Classical Shafiʿi biographical source

  4. [4]
    Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ

    al-Dhahabi · Classical hadith-biographical source

  5. [5]
    BEYHAKĪ, Ahmed b. Hüseyin

    M. Yaşar Kandemir · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · 1992

  6. [6]
    es-SÜNENÜ’l-KÜBRÂ

    Mehmet Efendioğlu · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · 2010

  7. [7]
    ŞUABÜ’l-ÎMÂN

    Bekir Topaloğlu · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · 2010

  8. [8]
    el-ESMÂ ve’s-SIFÂT

    Yusuf Şevki Yavuz · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi · 1995

  9. [9]
    al-Sunan al-kubrā

    al-Bayhaqi · Primary hadith work

  10. [10]
    Maʿrifat al-sunan wa-l-āthār

    al-Bayhaqi · Primary Shafiʿi hadith-fiqh work

  11. [11]
    Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa

    al-Bayhaqi · Primary prophetic-biography work

  12. [12]
    Shuʿab al-īmān

    al-Bayhaqi · Primary hadith and ethics work

  13. [13]
    al-Asmāʾ wa-l-ṣifāt

    al-Bayhaqi · Primary theological hadith work

  14. [14]
    Tebyīn kadhib al-muftarī

    Ibn ʿAsākir · Classical Ashʿari biographical-theological source

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