Fifth Abbasid caliph, he reigned during the golden age of Islam. His reign was marked by an unprecedented cultural, scientific and economic flourishing.

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Zengid sultan who unified Syria and prepared the ground for the reconquest of Jerusalem. Known for his piety and justice.

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Ottoman sultan at the height of his power, he extended the empire into central Europe. A reforming legislator and patron of the arts and sciences.

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Founder of modern Egypt, he modernized the Egyptian army, education and economy in the 19th century.

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